How to Avoid Fraud in Investment by Using Legal Tools

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "How to Execute Power of Attorney From Abroad to Indonesia Territory?", "How to Open a Police Report in Indonesia?", "What Is the Difference Between Fraud and Embezzlement Under Indonesian Law?", "What's The Difference Between Police Report and Public Complaint?", and "What Language Must Be Used In The Agreement In Indonesia?", "Who's Legally Represents The Company In Indonesia?", read also "Some Legal Aspects of Export-Import According to Indonesian Law". And on this occasion we will discuss about 'How to Avoid Fraud in Investment by Using Legal Tools'.

Indonesia as One of The Investment Destination For Foreign Investors

Indonesia is a very appropriate investment destination for foreign investors, because Indonesia has enormous potential to earn profits. Don't hesitate to invest in a country famous for its tourist destinations such as Bali, Jogjakarta, and Lombok.[1]

The main factor that becomes one of the important factors for foreign investors to look at Indonesia is the natural resource factor. Indonesia has abundant natural resources, ranging from petroleum resources, mining resources, and natural gas sources. Indonesia is also the largest archipelago country which is one of the highlights in the world because it has a very strategic location.[2]

Indonesia's population and workforce are dominated by productive age who are more skilled and ready to work. In addition, Indonesia's Economic and Investment Climate is also quite good, Indonesia has survived the global economic crisis or the world economy. Indonesia continues to create security and a healthy economic and investment climate. For now, Indonesia has even been appointed as one of the drivers of the economy in the Asian region. Indonesia's political stability is also relatively good, Indonesia is a country that continues to rise to become a stable country since the reform in the field of politics since 1998. Indonesia also continues to improve its democratic system to have a government that is always healthy and also conducive or safe.[3]

Indonesia is also one of the countries that has an active role in building bilateral and international relations. The most important thing is that Indonesia is the only country in Southeast Asia that is active in the group of G-20 countries. This is because Indonesia always strives and plays a role for and in conveying the interests of developing countries in the world.[4]

These things are very profitable for you foreign investors to invest in Indonesia. Many factors can be obtained, of course, for investors who invest in Indonesia, because Indonesia is a country that is rich, safe, and stable. So there are many interesting and profitable factors when foreign investors invest in Indonesia.[5]

Keeping Expectations in Investing

Indonesia is currently an investor-friendly country, but sometimes in practice there are things that do not match with the expectations. In practice, not everything is easy, but efforts in the right direction must always be maintained. In practice, investing in Indonesia can get into legal trouble if you are not careful. 

One of the most common criminal acts is fraud, Its happen also in Indonesia. As we know that fraud is regulated in Article 378 of the Criminal Code ('KUHP'). This criminal act often occurs within the scope of investment or in the business world as general. In this article, the author does not intend to analyze fraud as a legal study, but tries to prevent the occurrence of this crime in the scope of investment in general by using legal tools.

Crime is prevented by using legal tools, that's more or less what it means with this article. By doing early mitigation to prevent fraud in investment, it is hoped that expectations in investment will be maintain. The legal instrument referred to here is Legal Due Diligence (LDD). As additional information, actually legal due diligence can not only be used to detect criminal acts such as fraud, but can also be used to detect and prevent other criminal acts such as money laundering, or see the feasibility of a company that you are about to buy, as well as an early warning when you want to buy valuable assets such as land in the jurisdiction of Indonesia. 

When you intend to invest with a proper value in Indonesia, the author strongly recommends conducting due diligence first as a tool to detect losses due to various crimes that may later arise. By hiring an attorney to do due diligence on the transaction you are about to make, you will avoid serious losses in the future, which you will certainly regret deeply. 

Legal Due Diligence

Definition, legal due diligence (LDD) is a careful examination activity carried out by a legal consultant on a company or object to obtain material information or facts in order to find a description of the condition of a company or object of a transaction.[6]

Legal Due Diligence as an activity to assess legal risks that may arise. The risk in question is closely related to the transaction to be carried out by the parties. In simple terms, due diligence focuses on identifying risks that are usually not revealed. This process can help reduce risk, help make informed decisions, see more opportunities, and better manage situations.[7]

The purpose of Legal Due Diligence is broadly intended to assist in finding as many facts or information related to the transaction as possible before the transaction is executed, including information on the strengths and weaknesses as well as potential problems of the company or object being examined.[8] And if you intend to conduct legal due diligence for your save transaction, or perhaps you have any difficulties with this topic, contact us, feel free in 24 hours, we will be glad to help you.

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

_________________

References:

1. "Understanding 5 Steps Foreign Direct Investment In Indonesia", Hukumindo.com., Diakses pada tanggal 20 Januari 2022, https://www.hukumindo.com/2021/08/understanding-5-steps-foreign-direct.html

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. "Pengertian Legal Due Diligence", www.hukumonline.com., Diakses pada tanggal 20 Januari 2022, https://www.hukumonline.com/berita/a/pengertian-legal-due-diligence-lt61827f645aa0c/

7. Ibid.

8. "Legal Due Diligence", www.justitiatraining.co.id., Diakses pada tanggal 20 Januari 2022, https://www.justitiatraining.co.id/program/program-profesional-training/legal-due-diligence/

How to Execute Power of Attorney From Abroad to Indonesia Territory?

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the Hukumindo.com platform has talk about "How To Re-obtain The Land Assets That We Bought In The Name of Someone Else In Indonesia?", "What Legal Ties Underlie The Relationship Between The Client and The Lawyer?" read also: "How To Check The Validity of Indonesian Advocates?" and on this occasion we will discuss about ''How to Execute Power of Attorney From Abroad to Indonesia Territory?"

Sir, I am an Indonesian migrant worker currently working in Hong Kong. I want to file a lawsuit against my spouse in Religious Court X and intend to use the services of an advocate, how do I give a power of attorney without having to go back to Indonesia first?

Requirements For a Valid Power of Attorney Signed Abroad

The decision of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Indonesia No.: 3038 K/Pdt/1981 dated September 18, 1986, gave the following decision: "The validity of a power of attorney made abroad in addition to meeting formal requirements must also be legalized first by the relevant Indonesian Embassy".[1]

Thus, there are two variables that are conditions for the validity of the said power of attorney. The first is according to the provisions of Article 123 paragraph (1) HIR and Circular Letter of the Supreme Court (SEMA) Number: 1 of 1971 Jo. Circular Letter of the Supreme Court (SEMA) Number: 6 of 1994, namely:[2]

• In written form;
• Mention relative competence;
• State the identity and position of the litigants;
• State the type of object and the disputed case.

The second requirement is to meet additional provisions in the form of legalization, by:[3] 

• The relevant Indonesian Embassy.

Thus, the legal requirements for a power of attorney made abroad are the same as those made in Indonesia, and as an additional provision, is an obligation to legalize with the relevant Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia abroad. with the fulfillment of these two conditions, the power of attorney that you sign and send to Indonesia from abroad becomes valid for use in the jurisdiction of Indonesia.

So, a practical solution in handling cases like this, you as a client of an advocate in Indonesia submit your personal data and other documents to the advocate you have chosen to make a Power of Attorney. Then the advocate will draft a specific power of attorney that will be sent to you, whether it's using e-mail, WhatsApp or Telegram. Then you print the power of attorney and sign it. The next thing you have to do is go to the Indonesian Consulate General (KJRI) in Hong Kong to ask for the legalization of the said power of attorney. After legalization, you can send the power of attorney to the lawyer's office you have chosen in Indonesia. Simply put, that's how to Execute Power of Attorney From Abroad to Indonesia Territory. Thus, you do not need to go back to Indonesia first to give authorized a power of attorney to the advocate you have chosen.

After your power of attorney is received in Indonesia by the advocate you have chosen, it is his duty to then carry out legalization in Indonesia. Legalization in Indonesia that needs to be done includes the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[4] And according to the author source who works at one of the embassies of a friendly country in Jakarta, it is necessary also to legalize the above mentioned document to the State Representative where the power of attorney is made.

Stamp Duty on Documents From Abroad To Be Used In Indonesia Territory

How about the stamp duty provisions? To answer that, let's take a look at Article 9 Jo. Article 10 of Law Number 13 of 1985 concerning Stamp Duty (“Stamp Duty Law”) which reads:[5]

"Article 9 of the Stamp Duty Law: "Documents made abroad when used in Indonesia must have been paid for the Stamp Duty owed by means of subsequent sealing". 

Elucidation of Article 9 of the Stamp Duty Law: 'Documents made overseas are not subject to Stamp Duty as long as they are not used in Indonesia. If the document is to be used in Indonesia, it must first be affixed with a stamp duty, the amount of which is in accordance with the tariff as referred to in Article 2 by way of sealing later without fines. However, if the document has only been paid the Stamp Duty after it is used, then the sealing is then carried out along with a fine of 200% (two hundred percent)'.

"Article 10 of the Stamp Duty Law: "The subsequent sealing of the documents as referred to in Article 2 paragraph (3), Article 8, and Article 9 is carried out by the Postal Officer according to the procedure stipulated by the Minister of Finance".

Furthermore, in accordance with Article 1 of Government Regulation Number 24 of 2000 concerning Changes in Stamp Duty Rates and the Limit on Imposition of Nominal Prices Subject to Stamp Duty ("PP 24/2000") which reads: "Documents subject to Stamp Duty based on Law Number 13 of 1985 regarding Stamp Duty are documents in the form of:[6]

1. Agreements and other documents made with the aim of being used as a means of proof regarding actions, facts or circumstances of a civil nature;
2. ..."

Thus, Power of attorney is included in the provisions of Government Regulation Number 24 of 2000 concerning Changes in Stamp Duty Rates and the Limit on Imposition of Nominal Prices Subject to Stamp Duty (“PP 24/2000”), and regarding how to affix it, it is carried out by the Postal Officer according to the procedure stipulated by the Minister of Finance as stipulated in Article 10 of Law Number 13 of 1985 concerning Stamp Duty (“Stamp Duty Law”) as mentioned above. And if you have any issue with this topic, contact us, feel free in 24 hours, we will be glad to help you.

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

_________________

Reference:

1. "Syarat Sahnya Surat Kuasa Dibuat Diluar Negeri", www.advokatmedan.com., diakses pada tanggal 20 Januari 2022, https://www.advokatmedan.com/2021/05/syarat-sahnya-surat-kuasa-dibuat-diluar-negeri.html

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. "Surat Kuasa Dibuat di Luar Negeri, Haruskah Dibubuhi Meterai Indonesia?", www.hukumonline.com., Diakses pada tanggal 20 Januari 2022, https://www.hukumonline.com/klinik/a/perlukah-dokumen-asing-dilegalisasi-di-kbri--lt60053590761ab

5. "Pembubuhan Meterai Indonesia pada Surat Kuasa yang Dibuat di Luar Negeri", asosiasiadvokatindonesia.id., Diakses pada tanggal 20 Januari 2022, http://asosiasiadvokatindonesia.id/pembubuhan-meterai-indonesia-pada-surat-kuasa-yang-dibuat-di-luar-negeri/

6. Ibid.

How To Re-obtain The Land Assets That We Bought In The Name of Someone Else In Indonesia?

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the Hukumindo.com platform has discussed about "What Is the Difference Between Fraud and Embezzlement Under Indonesian Law?", "What Types of Land Ownership May Company Obtain In Indonesia?", read also: "How To Married Indonesian Women Legally?", and on this occasion will be discussed about 'How To Re-obtain The Land Assets That We Bought In The Name of Someone Else In Indonesia?'

Sir, my father lived long enough and married one of the natives in Bali. Then he returned to Europe and died here. My mother is the second marriage to him. Before he died, my father told me that he had fairly large of land assets in Bali, only that the land he bought was in the name of someone else. Is it possible for me to obtain the land as his heir?

From the e-mail we received above, there are some aspect that are not quite clear. Was your father's first marriage to a Balinese woman above legally-valid? Do they have children from this marriage? Was the land purchased by your father in the name of his wife or descendants from the first marriage? Due to the limited information we received, the answer we will provide will focus on the law for foreign citizens in relation with rights of ownership on land in Indonesia, and is there a legal possibility for you to acquire the said land as one of their descendants? 

Governing Law On Rights Of Land Ownership In Indonesia

We assume that your beloved father is a foreign national in a European country. We assume that you are a foreign national also. Based on the information above, there is a fact that your father bought a plot of land in the Bali area using his money. In relation to the sub-questions referred above, the following provisions apply:

• Article 20 paragraph (1) of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles regulates as follows: "Ownership rights are hereditary, strongest and most complete rights that people can have on land, in view of the provisions in Article 6".
• Article 21 paragraph (1) of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles regulates as follows: "Only Indonesian citizens can have rights of land ownership".

As quoted from Article 20 paragraph (1) and Article 21 paragraph (1) of the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles above, It has been explained about the ownership rights of land, and it is regulated that only Indonesian citizens can own it. If your father is a foreign citizen and in relation to that point is the provisions regarding Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles as we mention above, then as a conclution, your father as a foreign citizen does not have the right to own a plot of land in Indonesia. 

Thus, according to Indonesian law, your father has never owned the said land. This is also consistent with the fact that your father bought the land under someone else name, or some kind of legal nominee ("Pinjam Nama"). According to Indonesian law, this case of borrowing names ("pinjam nama") is prohibited, even if the money is belong to your father.    

How To Re-obtain The Land Assets That We Bought In The Name of Someone Else In Indonesia?

To answer your second question regarding how to re-obtain the land assets that we bought in the name of someone else in Indonesia, we can simply answer the question that it's prohibited by law. As stipulated by the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles above, the practice of 'borrowing names' in buying and selling land in Indonesia is prohibited.

In relation to the case you are facing for, we request that it will be better if it's accompanied by other relevant documents. With additional documents that may be available, of course we will offer other legal solutions that you might be able to take. And if you have any issue with this topic, contact us, feel free in 24 hours, we will be glad to help you.

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

Reference:

1. Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number: 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles

What Is the Difference Between Fraud and Embezzlement Under Indonesian Law?

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the Hukumindo.com platform has discussed about "What's The Difference Between Police Report and Public Complaint?", read also "How to Open a Police Report in Indonesia?", "How To Report Online Scammer Or Fraud To The Police In Indonesia", "Who Has the Authority to Report a Crime If the Victim Is a Company?". And on this occasion we will discuss about 'What Is the Difference Between Fraud and Embezzlement Under Indonesian Law?'

One of the most common criminal acts is fraud and embezzlement, Its happen also in Indonesia. This criminal act often occurs within the scope of commerce or the business world in general. When you feel that you are a victim of this criminal act, its better to know the difference between the two before you intend to report it to the authorities.

Fraud

Article 378 of the Criminal Code ("KUHP") regulates the crime of fraud as follows: "Anyone with the intention of unlawfully benefiting himself or another person by using a false name or false dignity (hoedaningheid); by deceit, or a series of lies, inducing another person to hand over something to him, or to give a debt or write off a debt, is threatened, for fraud, with a maximum imprisonment of four years".[1]

Embezzlement

Article 372 of the Criminal Code ("KUHP") regulates the crime of embezzlement as follows: "Anyone who knowingly owns against the rights of an item which wholly or partly belongs to another person and the item is in his hands not because of a crime, shall be punished for embezzlement, with a maximum imprisonment of four years or a maximum fine of Rp. 900,-".[2]

The Difference Between Fraud and Embezzlement Under Indonesian Law

The most effective way to know the difference between the two is to know the elements contain in. Because this is the object of legal study, of course it is not easy for the general public to know the difference between the two, but it is not impossible to learn. This article does not intend to examine this matter in depth, only to discuss these differences in general terms.

In the author's opinion, the most basic thing to know the difference between fraud and embezzlement is the transfer of the goods. Let's see the difference between the two:

1. Fraud: In the crime of fraud, transfer of goods is against the law. The illegal transfer of goods is carried out in ways such as manipulate other people, using all kind of deception, using false identities, and so on. For example, Person A claimed to be a prince from Saudi Arabia who has billions of assets but still has little trouble with the bank, and is looking for a life partner, then asks for a transfer of some money for accommodation to move to Bali for good.
2. Embezzlement: In the crime of  embezzlement, the transfer of goods is not against the law. The goods are already in the control of another person that is not against the law. Mastery of this item usually occurs because of his work, or because of an agreement. For example, Person A owns a motorcycle and rents it to Person B, then Person B sells it to Person C.

If examined more deeply, then the difference between fraud and embezzlement is real. In legal practice, there are often wrong habits by reporting a legal event that has not been investigated more deeply but is reported to the authorities as a criminal act of fraud and/or embezzlement. And if you have any issue with reporting the crime in territory of Indonesia to the relevant Police station, contact us, feel free in 24 hours, we will be glad to help you.

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. Criminal Code

2. Ibid.

What's The Difference Between Police Report and Public Complaint?

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the Hukumindo.com platform has talk about "Who Has the Authority to Report a Crime If the Victim Is a Company?", "The Example of Official Police Report Receipt in Indonesia", read also "How to Open a Police Report in Indonesia?". And on this valuable occasion will be discussed about 'What's The Difference Between Police Report And Public Complaint?'.

For information only, the platform Hukumindo.com has received many e-mails from abroad regarding alleged criminal acts experienced by readers, mostly regarding online scams or fraud. Many of them asked for help to take legal action in the form of opening a Police Report to the relevant Police station. However, many readers do not really understand about this Police Report, and indirectly interpret it as a "public complaint". On this occasion we will explain the difference between the two, especially from a legal perspective.

Police Report According To Criminal Procedure Code ("KUHAP")

As previously discussed in the article entitled: "How to Open a Police Report in Indonesia?", what is meant by a Police Report (Police Report aka "LP"). Article 1 Law Number: 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Code ("KUHAP") provides a definition of the Report as follows: "Report is a notification submitted by a person who, because of his rights or obligations under the law, to an authorized official regarding, has or is currently or is suspected of having a criminal event." Those who have the right to submit reports are people who have experienced, seen, witnessed or become victims of events that constitute criminal acts, either orally or in writing.[1]

In relation to this article, then your position as a foreigner who is in Indonesia is as a victim of a crime committed by someone else against you. Procedural law (Law Number: 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Code ("KUHAP")) in Indonesia protects you by providing you with the right to report a crime you have experienced to the relevant Police institution.[2]

How to Open a Police Report ("LP") in Indonesia? As a guide, here's how to open a criminal report according to the author's practical experience:

1. Come to the relevant Police Station;
2. Come to the Integrated Police Service Center (SPKT);
3. Tell the chronology of the crime that you experienced to the Police officers;
4. If the incident you experience is a criminal act, the Police officer will give you a report sign, if it is not a criminal act, the Police officer will not give you a report sign.

Complete your report with your self identity, witnesses and supporting evidence related to the crime you experienced.[3] Thus, it must be understood that the Police Report here is a legal action as regulated in the Criminal Procedure Code. As a legal action regulated in the Criminal Procedure Code ("KUHAP"), it is official and has legal consequences to the Police regarding Criminal Procedure Code.

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Public Complaint

Within the scope of government, 'public complaints' are: "Reports from the public regarding indications of...".[4] Thus, public complaints are a kind of report regarding allegations that occur in the community. But of course, public complaints are not classified as Police Reports. Public complaints are not regulated in the Criminal Procedure Code ("KUHAP").

As an example is the page of the "Cyber ​​Patrol" launched by the Directorate of Cyber-crime, Bareskrim Polri.[5] On the page it is written:

Apa itu “Laporkan!” ?

Laporkan! adalah portal laporan daring yang dibuat oleh Dittipidsiber Bareskrim Polri untuk mengumpulkan berbagai informasi tentang kejahatan siber.

(What is “Report!” ?

Report! is an online reporting portal created by the Dittipidsiber Bareskrim Polri to collect various information about cyber crimes.)

Siapa yang boleh membuat laporan?

Siapa saja yang mengetahui tentang adanya indikasi kejahatan siber.

(Who can make reports?

Anyone who knows about any indications of cyber crime.)

Apa fungsi dari portal “Laporkan!” ?

Portal ini dibuat untuk mengumpulkan informasi tentang pelaku kejahatan siber, seperti nama, nomor telepon, nomor rekening, akun media sosial, e-mail dan lain sebagainya. Informasi tersebut juga dapat diakses oleh pengunjung laman patrolisiber.id fitur “cari” sebelum bertransaksi atau berkomunikasi dengan orang yang mencurigakan.

(What is the function of the “Report!” ?

This portal was created to collect information about cyber-criminals, such as names, phone numbers, account numbers, social media accounts, e-mails and so on. This information can also be accessed by visitors to the patrolsiber.id page with the "search" feature before making transactions or communicating with suspicious people.)

Mengapa kita harus melapor?

Semakin banyak informasi yang kami terima, maka akan semakin banyak informasi yang dapat diakses pengunjung patrolisiber.id. Harapan kami, informasi itu dapat digunakan agar kita terhindar dari kejahatan siber.

(Why should we report?

The more information we receive, the more information that can be accessed by patrolisiber.id visitors. We hope that this information can be used to prevent cyber-crime.)

Apakah laporan yang dibuat melalui portal “Laporkan!” akan otomatis menjadi laporan polisi?

Tidak

(Is the report made through the portal “Report!” will automatically become a Police Report?

No)

Apa bedanya laporan melalui platform ‘Laporkan!” dengan laporan polisi?

Laporan yang disampaikan melalui portal “Laporkan!” hanya berisi sebagian kecil dari informasi tentang kejahatan siber.

(How is it different to report via the 'Report!” platform with a Police Report?

Reports submitted through the portal “Report!” contains only a small part of the information about cyber-crime.)

The page above clearly explains that the information obtained through "Laporkan!/Report!" is not a Police Report, it is only a platform to collect information regarding indications of criminal acts occurring in society through cyber-space.

Several conclusions can be drawn here, that there are fundamental differences between Public Complaints and Police Reports:

1. Police reports are regulated in the Criminal Procedure Code, while Public Complaints are not;
2. Public complaints are information that comes from the public to related state institutions with certain indications;
3. Public complaints are not Police Reports.

If you are abroad and the unfortunate fate befalls you because you are a victim of a crime whose criminals are in the jurisdiction of Indonesia, then the legal action you have to take is to make a Police Report, not a 'public complaint'. If you want to file a complaint to the state institution in Indonesia, you don't need to hire an advocate. You can do it by yourself. The author suggests, hire an advocate in Indonesia to open the Police Report in relevant Police station, and of course it will incur costs, and this is totally reasonable. And if you have any difficulties to open a Police Report in Indonesia, contact us, feel free in 24 hours, we will be glad to help you.

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "How to Open a Police Report in Indonesia?", www.hukumindo.com., Diakses pada tanggal 15 Januari 2022, https://www.hukumindo.com/2021/10/how-to-open-police-report-in-indonesia.html

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. "Pengaduan Masyarakat", inspektorat.tegalkab.go.id., Diakses pada tanggal 15 Januari 2022, https://inspektorat.tegalkab.go.id/pengaduan-masyarakat/

5. "LAPORKAN!", patrolisiber.id., Diakses pada tanggal 15 Januari 2022, https://patrolisiber.id/report/my-account

Who Has the Authority to Report a Crime If the Victim Is a Company?

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the Hukumindo.com platform has talk about "How to Obtain Child Custody in Indonesia", "How to Open a Police Report in Indonesia?", read also: "Who's Legally Represents The Company In Indonesia?" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'Who Has the Authority to Report a Crime If the Victim Is a Company?'

Reporting a Crime To The Police 

As we know, crime can happen to anyone, including the Company. Basically, all criminal acts that occur in Indonesia are reported in the same way to the Police. It's just that if the victim is a company, then there are specific provisions. 

Article 1 Law Number: 8 of 1981 concerning Criminal Procedure Code ("KUHAP") provides a definition of the Report as follows: "Report is a notification submitted by a person who, because of his rights or obligations under the law, to an authorized official regarding, has or is currently or is suspected of having a criminal event." Those who have the right to submit reports are people who have experienced, seen, witnessed or become victims of events that constitute criminal acts, either orally or in writing.[1]

How to Open a Police Report ("LP") in Indonesia? As a guide, here's how to open a criminal report according to the author's practical experience:[2]

1. Come to the relevant Police Station;
2. Come to the Integrated Police Service Center (SPKT);
3. Tell the chronology of the crime that you experienced to the Police officers;
4. If the incident you experience is a criminal act, the Police officer will give you a report sign, if it is not a criminal act, the Police officer will not give you a report sign.

Complete your report with your self identity, witnesses and supporting evidence related to the crime you experienced.

Specific Provision If the Victim Is Company

If the victim is Company, who has the authority to report a crime? To answer this question we must refer to the company Law. The main sources of law governing limited liability companies in Indonesia are Law Number: 40 of 2007 Concerning Limited Liability Company. In addition, other laws are also regulated, including Law Number: 3 of 1982 concerning Compulsory Company Registration, also various implementing regulations under it.

Then, if the victim is Company, who has the authority to report a crime? To answer this question, we must still refer to Law Number: 40 of 2007 Concerning Limited Liability Company, especially Article 1 point 5, where the board of directors is the one who legally represents the company in Indonesia, both inside and outside the court.[3]

What is a the Board of Director? As stipulated in Article 1 point 5, what is meant by the board of director is a company organ that is authorized and fully responsible for the management of the Company for the benefit of the Company, in accordance with the purposes and objectives of the Company and represents the Company, both inside and outside the court in accordance with the provisions of the articles of association.[4] And if you have any issue with this topic, contact us, feel free in 24 hours, we will be glad to help you.

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

_________________

References:

1. Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP);

2. "How to Open a Police Report in Indonesia?", Hukumindo.com., Diakses pada tanggal 11 Januari 2022, https://www.hukumindo.com/2021/10/how-to-open-police-report-in-indonesia.html

3. "Who's Legally Represents The Company In Indonesia?", Hukumindo.com., Diakses pada tanggal 11 Januari 2022., https://www.hukumindo.com/2021/11/who-legally-represents-company-in.html

4. Ibid.

How to Obtain Child Custody in Indonesia

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the Hukumindo.com platform has talk about "What Legal Ties Underlie The Relationship Between The Client and The Lawyer?", read also: "How To Legally Adopt a Child in Indonesia?" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'How to Obtain Child Custody in Indonesia'.

Sir, I am a father of two cute children. My wife is an Indonesian citizen, while I am an 'A' citizen. Since the pandemic hit, our domestic life has become more difficult, and I have rarely visited Indonesia. My relationship with my wife seems to be irreversible, but I still have the desire to take care of my children. I need your advice to obtain custody of my child.

Governing Law

Dear Mr. X, we are saddened to hear about your legal concerns. With the limited data you provide, we will try to help solve this problem. You did not mention which country you got married in, so we assume that you are married in Indonesia according to Indonesian law. This is based on your words which write that: "My wife is an Indonesian citizen...I have rarely visited Indonesia". Thus, the applicable law is Indonesian law, that is based on Law Number: 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage.[1]

How to Obtain Child Custody?

From the information we received, you did not mention what religion you married. Because you must first file a divorce before taking care of child custody issues. Under Indonesian law, child custody is one of the consequences of breaking up a marriage. In this regard, the following provisions of Law Number: 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage apply. 

Article 41:

The consequences of breaking up a marriage due to divorce are:

1. Both mothers and fathers are still obliged to care for and educate their children, solely based on the interests of the child; if there is a dispute regarding the child custody, the Court gives its decision;
2. The father who is responsible for all the care and education costs needed by the child; if the father is in fact unable to fulfill these obligations, the Court may determine that the mother will share the costs;
3. The court may require the ex-husband to provide living expenses and/or determine an obligation for the ex-wife.

We assume that because your relationship with your wife is not harmonious, it is very likely that later it will be difficult to find a peaceful way regarding child custody. As stipulated in Article 41 of Law Number: 1 of 1974 Paragraph 1 concerning Marriage, then "...if there is a dispute regarding the child custody, the Court gives its decision;" apply.

Suggestion

Thus, we recommend that you file a divorce lawsuit against your wife at the relevant court in the jurisdiction of Indonesia. And according to civil procedural law in Indonesia, it is possible to merge a divorce lawsuit with child custody. This will certainly save your time and energy. 

And if you have any issue with this topic, contact us, feel free in 24 hours, we will be glad to help you.

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

_________________

Reference:

1. Law Number: 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage.

What Legal Ties Underlie The Relationship Between The Client and The Lawyer?

(Offset.com)

By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the Hukumindo.com platform has talk about "How To Report Online Scammer Or Fraud To The Police In Indonesia", read also "How to Open a Police Report in Indonesia?", and "How To Check The Validity of Indonesian Advocates?". And on this occasion we will discuss about 'What Legal Ties Underlie The Relationship Between The Client and The Lawyer?'

When you have legal needs in the territory of Indonesia and hire the services of an advocate, then your choice is right. Advocate services will make it easier for you from the legal matters you face. You will save time and energy in resolving a legal issue. When you hire the services of an advocate, there will be a legal relationship between the client and the advocate. Do you know what legal ties underlie the relationship between the Client and the Lawyer?

Check the Validity of Your Advocate

As the author has stated in a previous article entitled: "How To Check The Validity of Indonesian Advocates?", The first step you must take before hiring an advocate is to check the validity of the practice permit. Based on the provisions of Articles 2 and 3 of Law Number: 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates, there are several legal products related to proving someone as an advocate:[1]

1. Letter of Appointment as an Advocate (Issued by advocate organization); and
2. Certificate of Oath as an Advocate (Issued by Head of the relevant Provincial High Court);
3. Advocate membership card (Issued by advocate organization).

When you are in Indonesia and have the intention to use legal services through an advocate, it is very important to choose a legally-valid lawyer. Checking the advocate validity you will choose becomes a necessary so that there will be no losses occur in the future. So, its alright to ask your advocate about their validity such as: (a). Letter of Appointment as an Advocate, (b). Certificate of Oath as an Advocate and (c). Advocate membership card, for your safety.[2]

Be smart that civil servants, state apparatus or law graduates who do not qualify as advocates cannot be your attorney and therefore cannot represent your legal interests in Indonesia. For anyone who claims to be an advocate but can't prove his legitimacy, perhaps that you're out of luck and maybe a fraud is going on.[3]

Legal Ties Underlie The Relationship Between The Client and The Lawyer

When you have chosen an advocate who in your opinion is good, then there will be a legal bond that must be resolved first between you and the lawyer. This legal bond between a client and an advocate is what is meant by legal ties underlie the relationship between the client and the lawyer. After the agreement is reached, then the lawyer can work to resolve your legal problem. Generally, there are two legal documents that underlie the client's relationship with an advocate, namely power of attorney and legal services agreement.

1. Power of Attorney, let us know first the definition of the word "power". According to Frans Satriyo Wicaksono, "Power" is power, strength, or authority. In English, it is called power and in Dutch it is called gezag or macht. Meanwhile, the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) states the definition of power as "which contains power of attorney to someone to take care of something".[4]

So, a power of attorney is a document that authorizes another party to carry out legal actions on behalf of the authorizing party, because the authorizing party is unable to do it himself. These authorized party includes lawyers.[5]

The legal basis for a power of attorney is regulated in Article 1792 of the Civil Code: "The grant of power of attorney is an agreement by which one person gives power to another person, who accepts it for and on his behalf to carry out a legal matter".[6] 

2. Legal Services Agreement, the relationship between a client and an advocate is usually stated in the form of a legal service agreement. Or whatever the name is but still the same. This agreement regulates the rights and obligations of both parties as well as the scope of work that must be carried out by the advocate. In the agreement, it can also be regulated regarding the settlement of disputes that may arise in the future between the client and an advocate, regarding fees and other matters that want to be arranged between the two.

The legal basis for a power of attorney is regulated in Article 1320 of the Civil Code concerning Terms of the validity of the agreement. As a logical consequence, the provisions of Article 1338 paragraph (1) of the Civil Procedure Code which stipulate that all agreements made legally apply as law for those who make them.[7]

 

In general, the legal relationship between an advocate and a client in Indonesia is regulated by two legal documents as mentioned above. And if you have any issue with this topic, contact us, feel free in 24 hours, we will be glad to help you.

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

_________________

References:

1. "How To Check The Validity of Indonesian Advocates?", www.hukumindo.com., Diakses pada tanggal 06 Januari 2022, https://www.hukumindo.com/2021/10/how-to-check-validity-of-indonesian.html

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. "Surat Kuasa: Pengertian, Ciri-Ciri, Jenis, dan Contohnya", www.detik.com., diakses pada tanggal 06 Januari 2022, https://www.detik.com/edu/detikpedia/d-5523325/surat-kuasa-pengertian-ciri-ciri-jenis-dan-contohnya

5. Ibid.

6. Civil Code (KUHPerdata)

7. Ibid.