How to Start a Business in Indonesia?

 

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By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "Sutan Sjahrir, Sosok Perdana Menteri Pertama Indonesia", "Sharia Investment: Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Benefits", "What Are The Competences of The Religious Courts To Adjudicates In Sharia Economic Cases?", "The Role of Law in Sharia Economic Development" you may read also "Does Indonesia Implementing Citizenship By Investment?" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'How to Start a Business in Indonesia?'. At first glance, this article appears to be discussing business matters, but if you pay close attention, it turns out that it also contains the legal rules that apply when you start doing business in Indonesia.

The Indonesian government is facilitating investment with the latest regulations and policies. With reading this article, you can learn how to start a business in Indonesia for foreigners. With the current political and economic climate that is highly supportive of foreign investment, Indonesia has become a lucrative target for many foreign investors. So, the question that often crosses our minds is how to start a business in Indonesia? Through this article, we would like to discuss more about the things that every foreign investor should consider before entering the Indonesian business sector.[1]

Starting a Business in Indonesia: Things to Consider

For you investors, the Indonesian market is very promising. But, before you decide to start your investment in Indonesia, you need to consider the following:[2]

1. Type of business. Please note that there are some sectors or industries that are prohibited or restricted to foreign ownership. This is written in the Negative Investment List. In the list, there are several restrictions on foreign ownership from zero (0) to ninety five (95) percent. This will lead you to a further question: Should you look for a local partner or not. However, there are some businesses that are allowed to be wholly owned (100%) by foreigners.
2. The type of company. Because the Indonesian government wants to protect micro, small and medium entrepreneurs, there is a policy stating that to open a business in Indonesia, a company must be registered as a limited foreign liability or PMA. In order to establish a foreign company, it is mandatory to meet certain requirements regarding minimum investment and the amount of paid-up capital.
3. Human Resources. Even though Indonesia is listed as the fourth most populous country in the world with more than 60% of the total population in their productive age (aged 15-60 years), not all of them have sufficient skills to participate in the industrial and commercial world. This is because the education sector is not spread evenly over large areas. This condition causes companies to face difficulties in finding talent pools, especially in areas outside Java Island. On the other hand, hiring foreigners also requires complicated requirements. This will be a challenge that must be completed for every PMA (limited foreign liability). Several successful FDIs in Indonesia have overcome this problem by providing sufficient training to meet the skills requirements required. Therefore you have to be really selective in selecting human resources based on your needs to avoid extra costs by hiring unskilled or unsuitable people.
4. Diverse Market. Indonesia is not only a country with the largest archipelago in the world, but also has a very complicated market segmentation. Given that there are many races, languages, religions, customs and values, you cannot assume Indonesia is a single market. Each target group has different needs according to the approach taken.
5. Bureaucracy and Law in Indonesia. You have to underline that the bureaucracy in Indonesia is not easy, it can be overwhelming for any foreigner who is new to these regulations. Even though the government has started implementing several online systems and "One-Stop-Service" services to ease the bureaucracy, there are still some fairly complex processes to go through. On the other hand, policies or laws have changed over time. So you need to realize that updating legal knowledge regarding the latest regulations is very important.
6. Uneven Infrastructure Development. Development in Indonesia has long been focused on the Java Island region (6 Provinces: Capital City Jakarta, Banten, West Java, Central Java, Special Region of Jogjakarta, and East Java). All infrastructure and facilities are very focused on this Island. Therefore, doing business in these 6 provinces in the center of the Java archipelago has been a trend for a long time. However, there are also several other large cities on other islands that are being targeted by foreign investors. Of all the things you need to consider, the main thing is to find a place that fits your business so that it has the greatest potential to support your company.
7. Abundant of Natural Resources and Raw Materials. Indonesia has many types of natural resources which are abundant and of various types. If you need natural resources and raw materials to run your business, make sure you know where to get the right natural resources and raw materials. Consider carefully, and know that Indonesia consists of many islands spread over a large area, the distribution of goods can be very expensive if you choose the wrong place. Regardless of the business sector, many foreign companies hope to run a profitable business in a rapidly developing economy.

And if you have any legal issue with this topic, or you may have interst in investing your fund in Indonesia, contact us then, feel free in 24 hour, we will be happy to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "Bagaimana Memulai Sebuah Bisnis di Indonesia", www.cekindo.com., Diakses pada tanggal 10 Januari 2023, Link: https://www.cekindo.com/id/blog/bagaimana-untuk-memulai-sebuah-bisnis-di-indonesia

2. Ibid.

Sutan Sjahrir, Sosok Perdana Menteri Pertama Indonesia

(www.70yearsindonesiaaustralia.com)

Oleh:

Tim Hukumindo

Pada kesempatan yang lalu platform www.hukumindo.com telah membahas mengenai "Contoh Surat Somasi Sederhana", "Bagir Manan, Ketua Mahkamah Agung RI Periode 2001-2008", "Mengenal Tony Blair, Mantan Perdana Menteri Inggris Yang Juga Pengacara", "Secuil Kisah Beracara Abraham Lincoln" dan "Mr. Iskak Tjokroadisurjo, Membuka Kantor Hukum Pertama di Batavia", pada kesempatan ini akan dibahas mengenai 'Sosok Sutan Sjahrir, Perdana Menteri Pertama Indonesia'.

Biografi Singkat

Sutan Syahrir (ejaan lama: Soetan Sjahrir, 5 Maret 1909 – 9 April 1966) adalah seorang intelektual, perintis, dan revolusioner kemerdekaan Indonesia. Setelah Indonesia merdeka, ia menjadi politikus dan perdana menteri pertama Indonesia. Ia menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri Indonesia dari 14 November 1945 hingga 20 Juni 1947. Sjahrir mendirikan Partai Sosialis Indonesia pada tahun 1948. Ia meninggal dalam pengasingan sebagai tawanan politik dan dimakamkan di TMP Kalibata, Jakarta. Sutan Sjahrir ditetapkan sebagai salah seorang Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia pada tanggal 9 April 1966 melalui Keppres nomor 76 tahun 1966.[2]

Sjahrir lahir di Padang Panjang dari pasangan Mohammad Rasad dengan gelar Maharaja Soetan bin Leman dan gelar Soetan Palindih dari Koto Gadang, Agam, Sumatra Barat dan Puti Siti Rabiah yang berasal dari negeri Natal, Mandailing Natal, Sumatra Utara. Ayahnya menjabat sebagai penasehat sultan Deli dan kepala jaksa (landraad) di Medan. Sjahrir bersaudara seayah dengan Rohana Kudus, aktivis serta wartawan wanita yang terkemuka. Sjahrir bersaudara kandung dengan Soetan Sjahsam, seorang makelar saham pribumi paling berpengalaman pada masanya dan Soetan Noeralamsjah, seorang jaksa dan politikus Partai Indonesia Raya (Parindra).[3]

Sarjana Hukum Dan Perdana Menteri Pertama Indonesia

Republik Indonesia dalam sejarahnya juga mempunyai pemimpin yang berlatar belakang pendidikan hukum, dikarenakan sistem pemerintahan pada waktu itu adalah sistem parlementer, maka pemimpin ini menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri. Waktu itu jabatan Presiden disandang oleh Sukarno, sedangkan Perdana Menteri dijabat oleh Sutan Syahrir. Sosok pejuang kemerdekaan bersama Sukarno dan Hatta ini lahir di Padang Panjang, Sumatera Barat tanggal 5 Maret 1909. Syahrir menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri dari tanggal 14 November 1945 hingga 20 Juni 1947.[4]

Syahrir kemudian melanjutkan pendidikan tingginya ke negeri Belanda di Fakultas Hukum, Universitas Amsterdam . Di sana, Syahrir mendalami sosialisme. Secara sungguh-sungguh ia berkutat dengan teori-teori sosialisme. Selain menceburkan diri dalam sosialisme, Syahrir juga aktif dalam Perhimpunan Indonesia (PI) yang ketika itu dipimpin oleh Mohammad Hatta  . Di awal tahun 1930, pemerintah Hindia Belanda kian bengis terhadap organisasi pergerakan nasional, dengan aksi razia dan memenjarakan pemimpin pergerakan di tanah air, yang berbuntut pembubaran Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI) oleh aktivis PNI sendiri. Berita tersebut menimbulkan kekhawatiran di kalangan aktivis PI di Belanda. Mereka selalu menyerukan agar pergerakan tidak mengendur lantaran pemimpinnya dipenjarakan. Seruan itu mereka sampaikan lewat tulisan. Bersama Hatta, keduanya rajin menulis di Daulat Rakjat, majalah milik Pendidikan Nasional Indonesia, dan misi pendidikan rakyat harus menjadi tugas utama pemimpin politik.[5]

Pengujung tahun 1931, Syahrir meninggalkan kampusnya untuk kembali ke tanah air dan terjun dalam pergerakan nasional. Syahrir segera bergabung dalam organisasi Partai Nasional Indonesia (PNI Baru), yang pada Juni 1932 diketuainya. Pengalamannya dalam dunia proletar ia praktekkan di tanah air. Syahrir terjun dalam pergerakan buruh, ia memuat banyak tulisannya tentang perburuhan dalam Daulat Rakyat. Ia juga kerap berbicara perihal pergerakan buruh dalam forum-forum politik. Mei 1933, Syahrir didaulat menjadi Ketua Kongres Kaum Buruh Indonesia.[6]

Pasca kekalahan perang dan menyerahnya Jepang pada perang Pasifik, Syahrir yang terus memantau berita Luar Negeri kemudian juga didukung oleh para pemuda mendesak Soekarno dan Hatta untuk memproklamasikan kemerdekaan pada 15 Agustus 1945 karena Jepang sudah menyerah. Syahrir siap dengan massa gerakan bawah tanah untuk melancarkan aksi perebutan kekuasaan sebagai simbol dukungan rakyat. Soekarno dan Hatta yang belum mengetahui berita menyerahnya Jepang, tidak merespon secara positif. Mereka menunggu keterangan dari pihak Jepang yang ada di Indonesia, dan proklamasi itu mesti sesuai prosedur lewat keputusan Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia (PPKI) yang dibentuk oleh Jepang. Sesuai rencana PPKI, kemerdekaan akan diproklamasikan pada 24 September 1945.[7]

Sikap Soekarno dan Hatta tersebut mengecewakan para pemuda, sebab sikap itu berisiko kemerdekaan RI dinilai sebagai hadiah Jepang dan RI adalah buatan Jepang. Guna mendesak lebih keras, para pemuda pun menculik Soekarno dan Hatta pada 16 Agustus. Akhirnya, Soekarno dan Hatta memproklamasikan kemerdekaan RI pada 17 Agustus. Karya yang ditulis Syahrir dengan judul “Perjuangan Kita” merupakan karya terbesar Syahrir, demikian menurut Salomon Tas, bersama surat-surat politiknya semasa pembuangan di Boven Digul dan Bandaneira. Manuskrip itu disebut Indonesianis Ben Anderson sebagai, “Satu-satunya usaha untuk menganalisa secara sistematis kekuatan domestik dan internasional yang memperngaruhi Indonesia dan yang memberikan perspektif yang masuk akal bagi gerakan kemerdekaan pada masa depan”. Pemikiran dan usahanya atas Proklamasi Kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia, menjadikannya ditunjuk Soekarno menjadi formatur kabinet parlementer pada bulan November 1945. Pada usia 36 tahun, mulailah Syahrir memperjuangkan kedaulatan Republik Indonesia, sebagai Perdana Menteri termuda di dunia, merangkap Menteri Luar Negeri dan Menteri Dalam Negeri.[8]

Perlakuan tidak menyenangkan sempat dialami oleh Syahrir, yaitu pada tanggal 26 Juni 1946 di Surakarta, Syahrir diculik oleh kelompok oposisi Persatuan Perjuangan yang tidak puas atas diplomasi yang dilakukan oleh pemerintahan Kabinet Sjahrir II dengan Pemerintah Belanda karena sangat merugikan perjuangan Bangsa Indonesia saat itu. Kelompok ini menginginkan pengakuan kedaulatan penuh atau merdeka seratus persen. Sedangkan kabinet yang berkuasa hanya menuntut pengakuan kedaulatan atas Jawa dan Madura. Setelah kejadian penculikan Syahrir hanya bertugas sebagai Menteri Luar Negeri, tugas sebagai Perdana Menteri diambil alih Presiden Soekarno. Namun pada tanggal 2 Oktober 1946, Presiden menunjuk kembali Syahrir sebagai Perdana Menteri agar dapat melanjutkan Perundingan Linggarjati yang akhirnya ditandatangani pada 15 November 1946.[9]

Meski jatuh-bangun akibat berbagai tentangan di kalangan bangsa sendiri, Kabinet Sjahrir I, Kabinet Sjahrir II sampai dengan Kabinet Sjahrir III (1945 hingga 1947) konsisten memperjuangkan kedaulatan RI lewat jalur diplomasi. Syahrir tak ingin konyol menghadapi tentara sekutu yang dari segi persenjataan jelas jauh lebih canggih. Diplomasinya kemudian berbuah kemenangan sementara. Inggris sebagai komando tentara sekutu untuk wilayah Asia Tenggara mendesak Belanda untuk duduk berunding dengan pemerintah republik. Secara politik, hal ini berarti secara de facto sekutu mengakui eksistensi pemerintah RI. Agar Republik Indonesia tak runtuh dan perjuangan rakyat tak menampilkan wajah bengis, Syahrir menjalankan siasatnya. Di pemerintahan, sebagai ketua Badan Pekerja Komite Nasional Indonesia Pusat (BP KNIP), ia menjadi arsitek perubahan Kabinet Presidensil menjadi Kabinet Parlementer yang bertanggung jawab kepada KNIP sebagai lembaga yang punya fungsi legislatif. RI pun menganut sistem multipartai. Tatanan pemerintahan tersebut sesuai dengan arus politik pasca-Perang Dunia II, yakni kemenangan demokrasi atas fasisme. Kepada massa rakyat, Syahrir selalu menyerukan nilai-nilai kemanusiaan dan anti-kekerasan.[10]

Jalan berliku diplomasi diperkeruh dengan gempuran aksi militer Belanda pada 21 Juli 1947. Aksi Belanda tersebut justru mengantarkan Indonesia ke forum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB). Setelah tidak lagi menjabat Perdana Menteri (Kabinet Sjahrir III), Syahrir diutus menjadi perwakilan Indonesia di PBB. Dengan bantuan Biju Patnaik, Syahrir bersama Agus Salim berangkat ke Lake Success, New York melalui New Delhi dan Kairo untuk menggalang dukungan India dan Mesir. Pada 14 Agustus 1947 Syahrir berpidato di muka sidang Dewan Keamanan PBB. Berhadapan dengan para wakil bangsa-bangsa sedunia, Syahrir mengurai Indonesia sebagai sebuah bangsa yang berabad-abad berperadaban aksara lantas dieksploitasi oleh kaum kolonial. Kemudian, secara piawai Syahrir mematahkan satu per satu argumen yang sudah disampaikan wakil Belanda, Eelco Van Kleffens. Dengan itu, Indonesia berhasil merebut kedudukan sebagai sebuah bangsa yang memperjuangan kedaulatannya di gelanggang internasional. PBB pun turut campur, sehingga Belanda gagal mempertahankan upayanya untuk menjadikan pertikaian Indonesia-Belanda sebagai persoalan yang semata-mata urusan dalam negerinya.[11]

Van Kleffens dianggap gagal membawa kepentingan Belanda dalam sidang Dewan Keamanan PBB. Berbagai kalangan Belanda menilai kegagalan itu sebagai kekalahan seorang diplomat ulung yang berpengalaman di gelanggang internasional dengan seorang diplomat muda dari negeri yang baru saja lahir. Van Kleffens pun ditarik dari posisi sebagai wakil Belanda di PBB menjadi duta besar Belanda di Turki. Syahrir populer di kalangan para wartawan yang meliput sidang Dewan Keamanan PBB, terutama wartawan-wartawan yang berada di Indonesia semasa revolusi. Beberapa surat kabar menamakan Syahrir sebagai The Smiling Diplomat.[12]

Selepas memimpin kabinet, Sutan Syahrir diangkat menjadi penasihat Presiden Soekarno sekaligus Duta Besar Keliling. Pada tahun 1948 Syahrir mendirikan Partai Sosialis Indonesia (PSI) sebagai partai alternatif selain partai lain yang tumbuh dari gerakan komunis internasional. Meskipun PSI berhaluan kiri dan mendasarkan pada ajaran Marx-Engels, namun ia menentang sistem kenegaraan Uni Soviet. Menurutnya pengertian sosialisme adalah menjunjung tinggi derajat kemanusiaan, dengan mengakui dan menjunjung persamaan derajat tiap manusia. Tahun 1955 PSI gagal mengumpulkan suara dalam pemilihan umum pertama di Indonesia. Setelah kasus PRRI tahun 1958, hubungan Sutan Syahrir dan Presiden Soekarno memburuk sampai akhirnya PSI dibubarkan tahun 1960. Tahun 1962 hingga 1965, Syahrir ditangkap dan dipenjarakan tanpa diadili sampai menderita sakit. Setelah itu Syahrir diizinkan untuk berobat ke Zurich Swiss, salah seorang kawan dekat yang pernah menjabat wakil ketua PSI Sugondo Djojopuspito menghantarkan hingga di Bandara Kemayoran dan Syahrir memeluk Sugondo dengan air mata, dan akhirnya meninggal di Swiss pada tanggal 9 April 1966.[13] 

____________________

References:

1. "Sutan Sjahrir", //id.wikipedia.org., Diakses pada tanggal 23 Desember 2022, Link: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. "Sosok Pemimpin Negara atau Pemerintahan Berlatar Pendidikan Bidang Hukum", www.yuridis.com., Diakses pada tanggal 23 Desember 2022, Link: http://www.yuridis.com/sosok-pemimpin-negara-atau-pemerintahan-berlatar-pendidikan-bidang-hukum/

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

Contoh Surat Somasi Sederhana

 

(iStock)

Oleh:

Tim Hukumindo

Pada kesempatan yang lalu platform www.hukumindo.com telah membahas mengenai "Bagir Manan, Ketua Mahkamah Agung RI Periode 2001-2008", "Contoh Gugatan Wanprestasi Sektor Konstruksi" dan "Contoh Surat Kuasa Pelaporan Pidana (LP) Di Institusi Kepolisian", pada kesempatan ini akan dibahas mengenai 'Contoh Surat Somasi Sederhana'.

KOP KANTOR PENGACARA ATAU ADVOKAT

Bondowoso, 04 Oktober 2018

Nomor : 11/OM/DRH-ALC/IX/2018

Perihal : Somasi (teguran) I

Lampiran : Photo Copy Surat Kuasa Khusus

Kepada Yth.:

ADINDA LESTARI

Kampung XYZ, Desa/Dusun: CM, RT: 5 / RW: 1

Kecamatan Tenggarang, Kabupaten Bondowoso,

Provinsi: Jawa Timur.

Dengan hormat,

Kami Advokat dan Konsultan Hukum pada Firma Hukum DRH dan Rekan, beralamat di Jalan X,  Nomor 24-25 Tamansari Bondowoso, dalam hal ini bertindak untuk dan atas nama Sdr. B, beralamat di Dusun Bataan, RT/RW: 6/2, Desa: Bataan, Kecamatan: Tenggarang, Kabupaten: Bondowoso, Provinsi: Jawa Timur, berdasarkan Surat kuasa khusus tertanggal 17 Juli 2018, dengan ini hendak menyampaikan hal-hal sebagai berikut:

1. Bahwa dalam hubungan kerjasama rental mobil antara klien kami dengan saudari dan Alm. AG (suami saudari), saudari dan suami memiliki tanggungan hutang sebesar Rp. 105.000.000,- (seratus lima juta rupiah);
2. Bahwa dengan maksud menyelesaikan hutang tersebut sebagaimana pada poin (1) di atas, saudari dan Alm. AG  (suami saudari) telah menjual rumah yang terletak di Kampung Haji Desa/Dusun Bataan RT 5 / RW 1, Kecamatan Tenggarang Kabupaten Bondowoso, kepada klien kami;
3. Bahwa untuk menindak lanjuti perihal hubungan hukum tersebut, klien kami telah berupaya melakukan pelunasan pembayaran jual beli sebagaimana telah disepakati dalam perjanjian, namun ternyata saudari menolaknya;

Berdasarkan hal-hal tersebut diatas, maka kami memperingatkan dengan tegas kepada Saudari agar dalam jangka waktu 3 (tiga) hari kerja terhitung sejak tanggal surat ini, untuk:

1. Menerima sisa pembayaran/pelunasan atas transaksi jual/beli rumah yaitu sejumlah Rp. 20.000.000,- (dua puluh juta rupiah) dan kemudian bersama-sama menghadap Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT/PPATS) untuk pengurusan serta pernandatanganan akta jual beli;
2. Menyerahkan dan mengkosongkan obyek rumah yang terletak di Kampung Haji Desa/Dusun:  B RT 4 / RW 1, Kecamatan: Tenggarang, Kabupaten: Bondowoso, Provinsi: Jawa Timur, sebagaimana dimaksud dalam transaksi jual/beli antara saudari dan alm. Suami saudari dengan klien kami, dengan iktikad baik dan secara suka-rela;

Apabila sampai dengan jangka waktu tersebut di atas Saudari tidak juga menyelesaikan kewajiban hukum saudari kepada Klien kami, maka dengan sangat menyesal kami akan menempuh jalur hukum sebagaimana diatur dalam Undang-undang;

Demikian surat somasi ini kami sampaikan, atas perhatiannya kami ucapkan terimakasih.

Hormat Kami,

Kuasa Hukum,

Ttd.

DRH, S.H., M.H.

____________________

References:

1. "Contoh Somasi Yang Baik Dan Benar", www.pengacaranusantara.com., Diakses pada tanggal 9 Januari 2023, Link: https://www.pengacaranusantara.com/2019/09/contoh-somasi-yang-baik-dan-benar.html

Bagir Manan, Ketua Mahkamah Agung RI Periode 2001-2008

(paratokohlampung.blogspot.com)

Oleh:

Tim Hukumindo

Pada kesempatan yang lalu platform www.hukumindo.com telah membahas mengenai "Sharia Investment: Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Benefits", "Mengenal Taufiequrachman Ruki, Ketua KPK Pertama", "Mengenal Tony Blair, Mantan Perdana Menteri Inggris Yang Juga Pengacara", "Mengenal Jimly Asshiddiqie, Ketua Mahkamah Konstitusi RI Pertama" dan "Notonagoro, Akademisi Hukum Dan Pelopor Filsafat Pancasila", pada kesempatan ini akan dibahas mengenai 'Bagir Manan, Ketua Mahkamah Agung RI Periode 2001-2008'.

Biografi Singkat

Prof. Dr. H. Bagir Manan, S.H., M.C.L. (lahir 6 Oktober 1941) adalah Ketua Dewan Pers Indonesia, yang sebelumnya pernah menjabat sebagai Ketua Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia periode 2001—2008. Menjabat sebagai Rektor Universitas Islam Bandung (UNISBA) periode 1985—1986 dan 2000—2001. Ia juga merupakan Guru Besar Bidang Ilmu Hukum Tata Negara Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad) Bandung.[1]

Pada Februari 2010, Bagir terpilih sebagai ketua Dewan Pers Indonesia periode 2010–2013. Selanjutnya pada 3 April 2013, melalui rapat pleno sembilan anggota Dewan Pers periode 2013–2016 di Jakarta, secara aklamasi memilih Bagir Manan kembali menjadi ketua, ia didampingi Margiono sebagai wakil ketua. Bagir Manan mempunyai satu istri bernama Komariah dan tiga orang anak: Kemal, Safitri, dan Firman.[2]

Riwayat Pendidika:[3]

• SMA di Tanjungkarang (1961);
• Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung (1967);
• Master of Comparative Law, Southern Methodist University Law School Dallas, Texas, Amerika Serikat;
• Doktor Hukum Tata Negara, Universitas Padjadjaran (Unpad) Bandung (1990).

Terus Berkarya Meski Usia Sudah Tidak Lagi Muda

Kariernya dimulai di dunia akademesi. Pada usia 23 tahun, dia menjadi asisten dosen saat masih kuliah. Dia sendiri baru dapat menuntaskan kuliahnya pada tahun 1967 dalam usia 26 tahun. Di tengah kesibukannya menjadi dosen, Bagir mencoba duduk di dunia legislatif sebagai anggota DPRD Kota Bandung 1968-1971. Di dunia politik cukup satu periode, Bagir diminta untuk menjadi staf ahli menteri kehakiman pada tahun 1974. Kariernya di dunia eksekutif ini berlanjut. Kariernya terus naik, dia menjadi Dirjen Hukum dan perundang-undangan Departemen Kehakiman.[4]

Kecintaannya ke dunia kampus belum berakhir, dia diminta untuk menjadi Rektor Universitas Islam Bandung (Unisba) pada tahun 2000. Dia juga menjadi tenaga pengajar di berbagai perguruan tinggi. Kariernya makin melesat saat dia terpilih menjadi ketua Mahakamah Agung (MA) pada tahun 2001 hingga 2008.[5]

Setelah pensiun dari MA, karier Bagir belum berakhir. Dia lolos seleksi dan terpilih menjadi Ketua Dewan Pers untuk dua periode. Periode 2010-2013 dan 2013-2016. Bagir Manan terus berkarya meski usia sudah memasuki 74 tahun.[6] Berikut riwayat karir Bagir Manan:[7]

• Asisten Dosen, 1964;
• Anggota DPRD Kodya Bandung, 1968 - 1971;
• Staf Ahli Menteri Kehakiman, 1974 - 1976;
• Direktur Perundang - Undangan departemen Kehakiman, 1990 - 1995;
• Dirjen Hukum dan perundang-undangan Departemen Kehakiman, 1995 - 1998;
• Rektor Unisba Bandung, 2000;
• Ketua Mahkamah Agung, 2001 - 2008;
• Ketua Dewan Pers Indonesia, 2010 - 2013;
• Ketua Dewan Pers Indonesia, 2013 - 2016.

____________________

References:

1. "Bagir Manan", id.wikipedia.org., Diakses pada tanggal 22 Desember 2022, Link: https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagir_Manan

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. "PROF. DR. BAGIR MANAN, S.H.", www.viva.co.id., Diakses pada tanggal 22 Desember 2022, Link: https://www.viva.co.id/siapa/read/173-prof-dr-bagir-manan-sh

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

Sharia Investment: Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Benefits

(iStock)

By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "Mengenal R. Soebekti, Ketua Mahkamah Agung RI Periode 1968-1974", "The Role of Law in Sharia Economic Development", "What Are The Competences of The Religious Courts To Adjudicates In Sharia Economic Cases?" you may read also "Contoh Gugatan Ekonomi Syariah" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'Sharia Investment: Definition, Characteristics, Types, and Benefits'.

For some Muslim brothers, avoiding something that might bring usury is a very important thing. Therefore, many use various sharia products which are of course halal and in accordance with Islamic law. Currently, investment also has many sharia-based products. Investment is basically a commitment that is owned by someone towards a number of assets in the present, which are expected to be able to provide benefits in the future. Sharia investment is an investment activity with the basic principles of using sharia in its business processes. Actually what is sharia investment? Does sharia investment bring profit like conventional investment? The following is a discussion related to sharia investment starting from the understanding, characteristics, types, benefits of this particular investment product.

What is Sharia Investment?

Sharia investment is a commitment to assets with the aim of obtaining future profits with principles that are in line with Islamic law. Islamic sharia principles that apply to sharia investments are regulated by the Indonesian Ulema Council through the fatwa of the National Sharia Council (DSN).[1]

Sharia investment is currently implemented by approximately 29 DSN MUI fatwas. The fatwa from the DSN MUI is actually not binding, but the fatwa will still be a reference in sharia investment practices in Indonesia. The thing that makes sharia investment different from other conventional investments is that sharia investment is guided by Islamic law in its implementation.[2]

Characteristics of Sharia Investment

In addition to applying Islamic principles and sharia, the following are some of the characteristics of sharia investment:[3]

1. Business Activities That Are Not Contrary to Islamic Principles. Investment products come in a variety of forms, including stocks, bonds, mutual funds, and so on. Sharia investment has provisions in which business activities carried out by Islamic investment issuers must not conflict with Islamic law. For example, sharia investment is not suitable for companies engaged in the production of alcohol.
2. Avoid Riba. In accordance with Islamic principles which prohibit usury, sharia investment also does not use usury (for example interest) as investment returns from investors. The system implemented by Islamic investment is usually in the form of profit sharing. Profit sharing is where the investor will get some of the profits from the company, but it is possible that the investor will suffer a loss if the company also suffers a loss.
3. Profit and Loss Conference. In sharia investment, deliberations or agreements or contracts need to be carried out. Both investors and issuers must hold deliberations to reach consensus. With this agreement, investors can at least avoid misleading information (ghahar) and excess risk (masyir).

Types or Sharia Investment Products

It turns out that sharia investment has quite unique characteristics compared to conventional investments in general. Furthermore, what investment products can become sharia investments? The following is a discussion of several types of sharia investment products:[4]

1. Sharia Shares. Sharia shares are proof of ownership of a company which of course will be in accordance with Islamic principles. Stock investment in general itself can be categorized as a musyarakah or syirkah activity, in which investors invest in capital and obtain income in the form of business profit sharing rights (dividends). Because of this form of stock investment, stock investment actually does not conflict with sharia principles. Even so, not all shares can be categorized as Islamic shares. The thing that must be remembered is that the business activities of companies that issue investment assets must not conflict with sharia principles. Stock investors in Indonesia can invest in Islamic stocks by looking at the Sharia Securities List (DES). DES is a list of stocks that are not against Islamic law in the capital market. Only the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and parties that obtain approval from OJK can determine the DES. Parties that can become DES Issuing Parties are: (a). Parties that obtain approval from OJK; (b). Sharia Investment Manager; (c). Investment manager who has a Sharia Investment Management Unit.
2. Sharia Bonds or Sukuk. The next sharia investment product is sharia bonds or what is often referred to as sukuk. Sharia bonds or sukuk are securities in the form of certificates or proof of ownership where investors will receive income in the form of rent (ujrah) or other yields with a certain percentage. The thing that most distinguishes between Islamic bonds and conventional bonds is the yield which is not a form of interest. In addition, there are still some more differences between sukuk and conventional bonds, including the existence of underlying assets and forms of securities which are proof of ownership. Sukuk or Islamic bonds will be guided by Islamic laws which tend to avoid usury. Even so, Islamic bonds still have the characteristics of conventional bonds where the return on this investment will be paid regularly and the principal amount of the loan will be paid when the sukuk matures. Just like conventional bonds, Islamic bonds can also be issued by the government or companies.
3. Sharia Mutual Funds. Islamic mutual funds are an investment platform organized by investment managers where investments are made by depositing funds into Islamic securities, for example Islamic stocks, tribes and other Islamic securities. The main difference between Islamic mutual funds and conventional mutual funds is the management of Islamic mutual funds that takes into account Islamic laws. In addition, asset instruments invested in Islamic mutual funds must be securities instruments of companies whose business activities do not conflict with Islamic principles. Mutual funds also have a cleaning system for non-halal wealth (cleansing), whereas conventional mutual funds do not have such a mechanism. The final difference is that Islamic mutual funds are supervised by the Sharia Supervisory Board (DPS), while conventional mutual funds are not.

Sharia Investment Benefits

Sharia investment apart from providing income for investors, it turns out that it also has several other benefits, you know. The following are the benefits of investing in sharia investments:[5]

1. Halal Investment. Sharia investment is a lawful investment in which all investment activities must be guided by Islamic principles and sharia. Sharia investment products will avoid usury as well as company business activities that conflict with sharia. For this reason, it can be ascertained that sharia investment is a halal activity.
2. Minimal Risk of Fraud. The sharia investment process will always avoid bad things such as fraud, extortion, and other bad actions. In addition, sharia investments will usually uphold the principle of transparency where sharia investments – such as sukuk – will usually carry out detailed reporting on the company's business processes. This transparency activity is certainly carried out so that the company's business activities can be ensured in accordance with Islamic principles and Shari'a and finally investors can avoid the risk of fraud. Even so, always make sure that you invest in instruments that are registered with the OJK to avoid fraudulent investments!
3. Avoid Riba. Riba is something that is forbidden in Islamic principles. Sharia investment is here to provide a halal investment alternative. So, the income that exists in Islamic investments will usually be in the form of profit sharing, margin fees, and other returns.
4. Small Loss Risk. Islamic investment has a risk of loss which tends to be less than conventional investment. This happens because sharia investment is based on the element of kinship. Sharia investment also has a contract or agreement before the investment is ratified, so investors and securities issuers can negotiate with each other to get a mutual agreement and ultimately the investment risk is minimized.
5. Small Loss Risk. Islamic investment has a risk of loss which tends to be less than conventional investment. This happens because sharia investment is based on the element of kinship. Sharia investment also has a contract or agreement before the investment is ratified, so investors and securities issuers can negotiate with each other to get a mutual agreement and ultimately the investment risk is minimized.

The above is an explanation related to sharia investment. In fact, sharia investment has various characteristics and various types of products. Are there sharia investment products that you would like to make your future investment choice? There are several ways you can start investing in both conventional and sharia stocks. Hopefully this article can help you to find out about sharia investment.[6] And if you have any legal issue with this topic, contact us then, feel free in 24 hour, we will be happy to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "Investasi Syariah: Pengertian, Karakteristik, Jenis, dan, Manfaat", //dailysocial.id., Diakses pada tanggal 6 Januari 2023, Link: https://dailysocial.id/post/investasi-syariah

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

Mengenal R. Soebekti, Ketua Mahkamah Agung RI Periode 1968-1974

(Wikipedia.org)

Oleh:

Tim Hukumindo

Pada kesempatan yang lalu platform www.hukumindo.com telah membahas mengenai "What is the difference between Cultivation Rights (HGU), Building Use Rights (HGB) and Property Rights (SHM)?", "Notonagoro, Akademisi Hukum Dan Pelopor Filsafat Pancasila", "Soepomo, Penentang Paham Hak Individualistik Dan Turunannya", "Mengenal Jimly Asshiddiqie, Ketua Mahkamah Konstitusi RI Pertama", "Mengenal Taufiequrachman Ruki, Ketua KPK Pertama", "Secuil Kisah Beracara Abraham Lincoln" dan "Mengenal Tony Blair, Mantan Perdana Menteri Inggris Yang Juga Pengacara", pada kesempatan ini akan dibahas mengenai 'Mengenal R. Soebekti, Ketua Mahkamah Agung RI Periode 1968-1974'.

Biografi Singkat

R. Soebekti (lahir di Surakarta, Jawa Tengah, 14 Mei 1914 – meninggal di Bandung, Jawa Barat, 9 Desember 1992 pada umur 78 tahun) adalah Ketua Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia periode 1968 hingga tahun 1974.[1]

Sebelum menjabat sebagai Ketua Mahkamah Agung, ia pernah menjabat Hakim Pengadilan Negeri Semarang (1942), Ketua Pengadilan Negeri Purworejo (1944), Panitera Mahkamah Agung R.I. (1946), Hakim Anggota pada Pengadilan Tinggi Makassar (1952), Ketua Pengadilan Tinggi Jakarta (1955), dan sebagai Hakim Agung pada Mahkamah Agung R.I. (1958).[2]

Selain itu, bersama dengan R. Tjitrosoediro menerjemahkan Burgelijke Wetboek (terkenal dengan singkatan BW) menjadi Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata atau KUH Perdata. Ia juga menerjemahkan KUH Dagang, UU Kepailitan, dan Kamus Hukum.[3] Sepengetahuan penulis, R. Soebekti juga diabadikan menjadi nama ruang sidang di sejumlah Pengadilan Negeri di Jakarta. 

____________________

References:

1. "Biografi R. Soebekti", //suduthukum.com., Diakses pada tanggal 23 Desember 2022, Link: https://suduthukum.com/2017/01/biografi-r-soebekti.html

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

What is the difference between Cultivation Rights (HGU), Building Use Rights (HGB) and Property Rights (SHM)?

 

(iStock)

By:

Team of Hukumindo

Previously, the www.hukumindo.com platform has talk about "Mengenal Nehru, Perdana Menteri Pertama India", "How To Buy Land In Indonesia?", "How to Avoid Fraud in Investment by Using Legal Tools" you may read also "Principles of Buying Land in Indonesia", "What Types of Land Ownership May Company Obtain In Indonesia?" and on this occasion we will discuss about 'What is the difference between Cultivation Rights (HGU), Building Use Rights (HGB) and Property Rights (SHM)?'.

Cultivation Rights and Building Use Rights, as well as Ownership Rights, are three types of land ownership status. HGU stands for Cultivation Use Rights, while HGB stands for Building Use Rights. In addition, there is a Freehold Certificate (Property Rights) which is an extension of SHM and proof of ownership of a person or legal entity over a plot of land. In terms of land or land ownership in Indonesia, this is regulated in Article 16 of Law No. 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Agrarian Regulations or the Agrarian Law. To find out more about the differences between HGU, HGB and SHM, this article will discuss: What is HGU? What is HGB? What is SHM? The difference between HGU and HGB, as well as SHM.[1]

What is Cultivation Right?

According to the Basic Agrarian Law Number 5 of 1960, Cultivation Rights (HGU) are rights to cultivate land directly controlled by the state, within a certain period of time. In other words, HGU can be interpreted as a right granted by the government to individuals or legal entities to use a plot of state-owned land, but only for a specified period of time. A person or business entity that has the right to use land with HGU status will later be given a Cultivation Rights Certificate (SHGU), through a Ministerial-level decision. While for the types of business that are allowed generally such as animal husbandry, fishery, ect.[2]

This is because state land that can be granted as HGU land is only that which is included in the category of production land or forest. Or it means that protected forests and land in conservation areas cannot be automatically converted into HGU land. HGU is regulated in a number of regulations, such as Government Regulation (PP) Number 40 of 1996 concerning Business Use Rights, Building Use Rights, and Land Use Rights. And also the revision of the latest regulation PP Number 18 of 2021 concerning Management Rights, Land Rights, Flats Units, and Land Registration.[3]

In article 19 of the PP (Government Regulation), a new rule is added that those who are entitled to obtain HGU permits are only Indonesian Citizens (WNI) and legal entities established according to Indonesian law and domiciled in Indonesia. So, if it turns out that the HGU holder does not fulfill these two conditions, then they are obliged to reinquish their rights to other people within 1 year. In article 22 of PP (Government Regulation) Number 18 of 2021, changes to the rules also occur for the period of time the HGU permits are granted. From what was previously a maximum of 25 years, now it has become a maximum period of 35 years.[4]

After the 35 year period expires, the HGU holder can also extend the permit, for a maximum of 25 years and renew it again for a maximum period of 35 years. Only after the period of granting, extending and renewing ends, will the HGU land return to being fully controlled by the state. Land that is Directly Controlled by the State, the re-arrangement of use, utilization and ownership becomes the authority of the Minister and priority can be given to former right-holders by taking into account matters as stipulated in Article 22 paragraph (3) PP (Government Regulation) No. 18 Year 2021.[5]

HGU land rights can also be taken back by the state even though the grant period has not expired, if one of the criteria is met, including non-fulfillment of the obligations of the HGU holder, voluntary release, abandoned land, or legally deleted in a court decision. Therefore, HGU land holders are required to make full use of the land provided, are required to build and maintain environmental infrastructure and land facilities in the area, maintain soil fertility, prevent damage to natural resources and maintain environmental preservation in accordance with regulations. Apart from of course paying money to use the HGU to the state.[6]

What is a Building Use Right?

Still sourced from the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA) No: 5 of 1960. Precisely in Article 35 Paragraph 1, Building Use Rights (HGB) are defined as the right to construct and own buildings on land that belongs to another person within a certain period of time. This means that the holder of a Building Use Right (SHGB) certificate is only entitled to ownership of the building, not including the land on which the building stands. Just like HGU, besides being regulated by. UUPA, regulations related to HGB are also regulated in a number of derivative regulations such as Government Regulation (PP) Number 40 of 1996 concerning Cultivation Rights, Building Use Rights, and Land Use Rights. And revised by PP (Government Regulation) Number: 18 of 2021 concerning Management Rights, Land Rights, Flats Units, and Land Registration.[7]

The revision of the regulation makes that HGB can only be given to Indonesian Citizens and legal entities established according to Indonesian law and domiciled in Indonesia. The land that can be granted with Building Use Rights includes State Land, Management Right Land, and Property Right Land. Meanwhile, for the HGB period, as stipulated in Article 37 PP (Government Regulation) Number: 18 of 2021, on State Land and Management Right Land, it can be granted for a maximum period of 30 years, and extended for a maximum period of 20 years, and renewed for a period of at most 30 years.[8]

Whereas HGB on Freehold (Property Right) Land (private) can be given for a maximum period of 30 years and can be renewed with a deed of granting Building Utilization Rights over Property Rights. In contrast to HGU land, where the type of business is determined, holders of HGB certificates are relatively free to construct and own buildings for various personal or business purposes, although they still have to be in accordance with the HGB grant agreement at the outset. In addition, the owner can also transfer these rights to other parties, as long as they are within the HGB usage period.[9]

Generally, land with HGB is used by developers to build apartments or housing. This is because there will be several advantages that make HGB attractive for people who want to own a house or apartment, especially because the price is definitely much cheaper than buying a building with a Property Right  Certificate (SHM). Even though they do not have complete freedom over the land where their buildings are located, HGB certificate holders can actually increase their ownership to become SHM. The condition is that the land area must be less than 600 square meters, and must be owned by an Indonesian citizen (WNI). If these two conditions are met, the owner of the HGB certificate can submit an application to the Land Office in the relevant municipality or district. Next, just follow the established procedure.[10]

What Are Property Right?

Certificate of Property Rights (SHM) is a sign of full ownership of a person over land, based on the recognition from the National Land Agency (BPN). In contrast to HGU and HGU, ownership of land with SHM is not limited by time and certain conditions. As stated in Article 20 of the UUPA, land ownership rights are hereditary, strongest and fullest rights that a person can own over land. So that land with SHM can be fully transferred by the owner. Such as for sale, gifted or passed down from generation to generation, so that it can be used as collateral for credit applications.[11]

In addition, the owner of the SHM also has the right to use or take advantage of the land, for example using it as a place to live or even to leave it for a long time as a long-term investment. The strength of SHM is not only in the status of ownership or the duration of land ownership. but also on its advantages in property investment. Because buildings or properties that are sold with SHM, the selling value will be far above the property that is sold only with a Building Use Right Certificate (HGB).[12]

The Difference Between Cultivation Right, Building Use Right and Property Right

Based on the explanation above, it can be seen clearly that the basic difference between Cultivation Rights (HGU), Building Use Rights (HGB), and Property Rights (SHM) lies in the ownership status of the person holding them.[13]

Property Right or SHM can be said to have a stronger and higher value and position in land ownership. Because people who have SHM means they have full power over the land and also the buildings on it. Meanwhile, HGB (Building Use Rights) certificate holders only have power over the building or property, without having any power at all over the land where the building is located. And the lowest is HGU (Cultivation Rights), where the owner of the certificate is only able to use the land, without having any ownership rights to the land and buildings that may exist on the land.[14]

In addition, there are also differences in the term of ownership. When SHM (Property Right) has legal force and is valid forever. Meanwhile, based on PP (Government Regulation) No. 18 of 2021, HGU (Cultivation Rights) permits are only for a maximum of 35 years, can be extended up to 25 and renewed for another 35 years. While HGB (Building Rights) is a maximum of 30 years, and extended for a maximum period of 20 years, and renewed for a maximum period of 30 years for state land, and HGB (Building Rights) on Property Rights Land (private) can be given for a maximum period of 30 years and can be renewed with a deed of granting Building Use Rights over Property Rights.[15]

Due to its permanent ownership, SHM (Property Rights) can be used as a long-term investment and also a credit guarantee at the Bank. Meanwhile, practical HGB (Building Rights) can only be used as a short-term investment, and it actually risks becoming a liability in the future. While HGU (Cultivation Rights) can only be used as production land to be able to generate profit or material profit.[16] And if you have any land ownership issue in Indonesia, contact us then, feel free in 24 hour, we will be happy to assist you. 

*) For further information please contact:

Mahmud Kusuma Advocate

Law Office

Jakarta - Indonesia.

E-mail: mahmudkusuma22@gmail.com

________________

References:

1. "Apa Beda HGU dan HGB, Juga SHM?", //id.berita.yahoo.com., Diakses pada tanggal 3 Januari 2023, Link: https://id.berita.yahoo.com/apa-beda-hgu-dan-hgb-203900746.html

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

Mengenal Nehru, Perdana Menteri Pertama India

(iStock)

Oleh:

Tim Hukumindo

Pada kesempatan yang lalu platform www.hukumindo.com telah membahas mengenai "Customs Foreclosure Fraud 2022 Sets Record, Losses Exceed IDR 8.3 Billion!", "Secuil Kisah Beracara Abraham Lincoln", "Kisah Ketua MA Pertama, Mr. Koesoemah Atmadja" dan "Mr. Iskak Tjokroadisurjo, Membuka Kantor Hukum Pertama di Batavia", pada kesempatan ini akan dibahas mengenai 'Mengenal Nehru, Perdana Menteri Pertama India'.

Biografi Singkat

Nama Lengkap: Jawaharlal Nehru, Tempat Lahir: Allahabad, India, Tanggal Lahir: Kamis, 14 November 1889, Warga Negara: India, Istri: Kamala Kaul, Indira Gandhi. Jawaharlal Nehru adalah seorang pemimpin nasionalis India dan juga merupakan Perdana Menteri India yang pertama setelah India menyatakan kemerdekaannya pada tahun 1947.[1]

Jawaharlal Nehru lahir di Allahabad. Dia berasal dari keluarga kaya dan terpandang. Ayahnya bernama Motilal Nehru, seorang pemilik perusahaan property dan juga seorang pengacara ternama yang beristrikan Swaruprani Nehru. Nehru menempuh pendidikan dasarnya di Harrow School di Inggris dan melanjutkan pendidikan tingginya di Trinity College, London. Pendidikan hukumnya dia tempuh di Inns of Court School of Law. Selesai mengenyam pendidikan bertahun-tahun di India, Jawaharlal Nehru pun kembali ke kampung halamannya di India pada tahun 1912 untuk menerapkan ilmu hukum yang telah diperolehnya selama bersekolah di Inggris.[2]

Karir Politik

Sejak kembalinya dia ke India, Nehru memutuskan untuk menikahi Kamala Kaul dan setahun setelah pernikahan mereka, lahirlah Indira. Karir hukumnya tidak membuatnya mendapatkan apa yang dia cari sehingga Nehru pun memutuskan untuk bergerak di bidang politik pada 1919 dengan bergabung di Kongres. Karirnya di Kongres menanjak dan akhirnya terpilih sebagai Presiden Kongres pada tahun 1928.[3] Sepertinya karir hukum Nehru tidak begitu sukses, ia lebih sukses sebagai politisi.

Jawaharlal Nehru memegang peran penting pada suksesnya negosiasi kemerdekaan India. Dia adalah penentang Liga Muslim yang berkeras untuk memecah India berdasarkan pada agama. Pada 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru menjadi Perdana Menteri India yang pertama setelah kemerdekaan negara tersebut. Dia mengisi jabatan tersebut hingga kematiannya datang pada tahun 1964. Selain sebagai Perdana Menteri, Nehru juga berperan sebagai Menteri Luar Negeri bagi India dan harus langsung dihadapkan pada permasalahan Kashmir, yang hingga sekarang tidak selesai. Nehru meninggal dunia pada 27 Mei 1964 setelah kesehatannya memburuk karena perang yang dihadapi negaranya ketika bersengketa wilayah dengan China.[4]

____________________

References:

1. "Profil Jawaharlal Nehru", m.merdeka.com., Diakses pada tanggal 23 Desember 2022, Link: https://m.merdeka.com/jawaharlal-nehru/profil

2. Ibid.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.